python3.info

• charset: utf-8
• name: viewport content: width=device-width, initial-scale=1
• name: viewport content: width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0

• http://python3.info/#
• Next
• Install
• Python Versions
• Python History
• Links
• References
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. Syntax
• 4. Numeric
• 5. Logic
• 6. Strings
• 7. Iterables
• 8. Mappings
• 9. Nested
• 10. Unpack
• 11. Conditional
• 12. While
• 13. For
• 14. Comprehensions
• 15. Files
• 16. Functions
• 17. Exceptions
• 18. Idiom
• 19. OOP
• 20. Modules
• 21. Recap
• 1. About
• 2. String
• 3. Syntax
• 4. Star
• 5. Enum
• 6. Match
• 7. Regex
• 8. Datetime
• 9. Generators
• 10. Iterator
• 11. Serialization
• 12. Pickle
• 13. TOML
• 14. CSV
• 15. JSON
• 16. Pathlib
• 17. Logging
• 18. Modules
• 19. Typing
• 20. OOP Dataclass
• 1. About
• 2. Syntax
• 3. OOP Paradigm
• 4. OOP Inheritance
• 5. OOP Polymorphism
• 6. OOP Encapsulation
• 7. OOP Metaprogramming
• 8. OOP Operator
• 9. FP Paradigm
• 10. FP Apply
• 11. Decorators
• 12. Async Paradigm
• 13. Async AsyncIO
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. Transpilation
• 4. Optimization
• 5. Profiling
• 6. Case Study
• 7. Threading
• 8. Multiprocessing
• 9. Extensions
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. Random
• 4. Syntax
• 5. Doctest
• 6. Unittest
• 7. Recap
• 1. About
• 2. DevTools
• 3. Distribute
• 4. Lint
• 5. Quality
• 6. Security
• 1. About
• 2. Quality
• 3. Tests
• 4. Debugging
• 1. About
• 2. Theory
• 3. ORM
• 4. Normalization
• 5. NoSQL
• 6. SQL
• 7. SQLite3
• 8. SQLAlchemy
• 9. Case Study
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. UML
• 4. Creational
• 5. Behavioral
• 6. Structural
• 7. Functional
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. Array
• 4. Attributes
• 5. Random
• 6. Indexing
• 7. Operations
• 8. Methods
• 9. Statistics
• 10. Math
• 11. Polynomial
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. Read
• 4. To
• 5. Series
• 6. DataFrame
• 7. Date
• 8. Case Study
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. Figure
• 4. Style
• 5. Chart
• 6. Case Study
• 1. Modules
• 2. Collections
• 3. Math
• 4. Locale
• 5. XML
• 6. Operating System
• 7. String
• 8. Builtin
• 9. Type
• 10. Loop
• 11. TkInter
• 1. About
• 2. Protocol
• 3. Web
• 4. Transport
• 5. Case Study
• 1. About
• 2. HTTP
• 3. REST
• 4. Architecture
• 5. Auth
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. Setup
• 4. Settings
• 5. Models
• 6. Data
• 7. Admin
• 8. ORM
• 9. Views
• 10. Templates
• 11. Templatetags
• 12. Forms
• 13. Manage
• 14. Middleware
• 15. Locale
• 16. Utils
• 17. Auth
• 18. API
• 19. Ninja
• 20. Tests
• 21. Apps
• 22. Deploy
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. FastAPI
• 4. Pydantic
• 5. Database
• 6. Auth
• 7. DevOps
• 8. Case Study
• 1. About
• 2. Jupyter
• 3. Python
• 4. Visualization
• 5. Scipy
• 6. Geopandas
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 3. Sklearn
• 4. Model Quality
• 5. Decision Trees
• 6. Regressions
• 7. K-Nearest Neighbors
• 8. Bayes
• 9. Support Vector Machines
• 10. Clustering
• 11. Neural Networks
• 12. References
• 13. Articles
• 1. About
• 2. Introduction
• 1. Paradigm
• 2. Python
• 1. English
• 2. Polish
• 3. ADR
• 
• Email
• https://www.python3.info
• https://www.python3.info/LICENSE.html
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. About IDE
• 2.2. About Language
• 3.1. Syntax Identifiers
• 3.2. Syntax Comments
• 3.3. Syntax Types
• 3.4. Syntax Print
• 3.5. Syntax Operators
• 3.6. Syntax Convention
• 4.1. Numeric Int
• 4.2. Numeric Float
• 4.3. Numeric Recap
• 5.1. Logic Bool
• 5.2. Logic None
• 6.1. String Str
• 6.2. String Concatenation
• 6.3. String Input
• 6.4. String Methods
• 6.5. String Substitute
• 6.6. String Convert
• 6.7. String Check
• 6.8. String Methods
• 6.9. String Recap
• 7.1. Iterable Tuple
• 7.2. Iterable List
• 7.3. Iterable Set
• 7.4. Iterable Recap
• 8.1. Mapping Dict
• 8.2. Mapping Items
• 8.3. Mapping Getitem
• 8.4. Mapping Setitem
• 8.5. Mapping Delitem
• 8.6. Mapping Recap
• 9.1. Nested List of Lists
• 9.2. Nested List of Tuples
• 9.3. Nested List of Dicts
• 9.4. Nested List of Many
• 9.5. Nested Dict of Many
• 9.6. Nested Recap
• 10.1. Unpack Getitem
• 10.2. Unpack Slice
• 10.3. Unpack Assignment
• 10.4. Unpack Recap
• 11.1. Conditional Logic
• 11.2. Conditional If
• 11.3. Conditional Else
• 11.4. Conditional Elif
• 11.5. Conditional Expression
• 11.6. Conditional Recap
• 12.1. While About
• 12.2. While Patterns
• 12.3. While Break
• 12.4. While Continue
• 12.5. While Recap
• 13.1. For About
• 13.2. For Nested
• 13.3. For Unpack
• 13.4. For Patterns
• 13.5. For Dict
• 13.6. For Recap
• 14.1. Comprehension About
• 14.2. Comprehension Types
• 14.3. Comprehension Slice
• 14.4. Comprehension Map
• 14.5. Comprehension Filter
• 14.6. Comprehension Nested
• 14.7. Comprehension Performance
• 15.1. Files Path
• 15.2. Files Open
• 15.3. Files Modes
• 15.4. Files Write
• 15.5. Files Append
• 15.6. Files Read
• 15.7. Files Binary
• 15.8. Files Recap
• 16.1. Function Definition
• 16.2. Function Return
• 16.3. Function Parameters
• 16.4. Function Arguments
• 16.5. Function Scope
• 16.6. Function Recap
• 17.1. Exception About
• 17.2. Exception Raise
• 17.3. Exception Except
• 17.4. Exception Else
• 17.5. Exception Finally
• 17.6. Exception Traceback
• 17.7. Exception Recap
• 18.1. Idiom Sum
• 18.2. Idiom Min
• 18.3. Idiom Max
• 18.4. Idiom Any
• 18.5. Idiom All
• 18.6. Idiom Sorted
• 18.7. Idiom Vars
• 18.8. Idiom Dir
• 18.9. Idiom Recap
• 19.1. OOP About
• 19.2. OOP Class
• 19.3. OOP Instance
• 19.4. OOP Method
• 19.5. OOP Field
• 19.6. OOP Init
• 19.7. OOP State
• 19.8. OOP Str
• 19.9. OOP Repr
• 19.10. OOP Inheritance
• 19.11. OOP Override
• 19.12. OOP UML
• 19.13. OOP Recap
• 20.1. Modules Stdlib
• 20.2. Modules Install
• 20.3. Modules Import
• 21.1. Recap About
• 21.2. Recap Project
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. String Pprint
• 2.2. Syntax Literals
• 2.3. String String
• 2.4. String Escape Characters
• 2.5. String Interpolation
• 2.6. String Interpolation
• 2.7. Locale Encoding
• 3.1. Syntax Underscore
• 4.1. Star Assignment
• 4.2. Star Signature
• 4.3. Star Parameters
• 4.4. Star Arguments
• 4.5. Star Recap
• 5.1. Enum About
• 5.2. Enum IntEnum
• 5.3. Enum Auto
• 5.4. Enum Verify
• 5.5. Enum Built-in
• 5.6. Enum Recap
• 6.1. Match About
• 6.2. Match Literal
• 6.3. Match Or
• 6.4. Match Wildcard
• 6.5. Match Capture
• 6.6. Match Constant
• 6.7. Match Sequence
• 6.8. Match Mapping
• 6.9. Match Class
• 6.10. Match Guard
• 6.11. Match Subpattern
• 7.1. Regex About
• 7.2. Regex Literal Character
• 7.3. Regex Literal Alternative
• 7.4. Regex Literal Enumeration
• 7.5. Regex Literal Range
• 7.6. Regex Anchor Dot
• 7.7. Regex Anchor Line
• 7.8. Regex Anchor Negation
• 7.9. Regex Category Digit
• 7.10. Regex Category Space
• 7.11. Regex Category Boundary
• 7.12. Regex Category Word
• 7.13. Regex Quantifier Exact
• 7.14. Regex Quantifier Greedy
• 7.15. Regex Quantifier Lazy
• 7.16. Regex Quantifier Shorthand
• 7.17. Regex Positional Group
• 7.18. Regex Named Group
• 7.19. Regex Non-Capturing Group
• 7.20. Regex Group Reference
• 7.21. Regex Group Look
• 7.22. Regex Atomic Group
• 7.23. Regex Flavors
• 7.24. Regex Recap
• 7.25. Regex RE Findall
• 7.26. Regex RE Finditer
• 7.27. Regex RE Search
• 7.28. Regex RE Match
• 7.29. Regex RE Compile
• 7.30. Regex RE Substitute
• 7.31. Regex RE Split
• 7.32. Regex RE Flag
• 7.33. Regex Case Study
• 7.34. Regex Cheatsheet
• 8.1. Datetime Date
• 8.2. Datetime Time
• 8.3. Datetime Create
• 8.4. Datetime Current
• 8.5. Datetime ISO-8601
• 8.6. Datetime Standards
• 8.7. Datetime Directives
• 8.8. Datetime Format
• 8.9. Datetime Parse
• 8.10. Datetime Timedelta
• 8.11. Datetime Timestamp
• 8.12. Datetime Time Utils
• 8.13. Datetime Timezone
• 8.14. Datetime Tzdata
• 8.15. Datetime Cheatsheet
• 8.16. Datetime Recap
• 9.1. Generator About
• 9.2. Generator Expression
• 9.3. Generator Yield
• 9.4. Generator Inspect
• 9.5. Generator Yield From
• 9.6. Generator Send
• 10.1. Iterator About
• 10.2. Iterator Range
• 10.3. Iterator Reversed
• 10.4. Iterator Enumerate
• 10.5. Iterator Zip
• 10.6. Iterator Chain
• 10.7. Iterator Permutations
• 10.8. Iterator Product
• 10.9. Iterator Cycle
• 10.10. Iterator Count
• 10.11. Iterator Repeat
• 10.12. Iterator Batched
• 10.13. Iterator ISlice
• 10.14. Iterator Starmap
• 10.15. Iterator Itertools
• 10.16. Iterator Recap
• 11.1. Serialization About
• 11.2. Serialization Dump
• 11.3. Serialization Load
• 11.4. Serialization Normalize
• 11.5. Serialization Recap
• 12.1. Pickle About
• 12.2. Pickle Dump
• 12.3. Pickle Dump
• 12.4. Pickle Load
• 12.5. Pickle Objects
• 13.1. TOML About
• 13.2. TOML Load
• 13.3. TOML Use Case
• 14.1. CSV About
• 14.2. CSV Dump
• 14.3. CSV Load
• 14.4. CSV Parameters
• 14.5. CSV Non-Standard
• 14.6. CSV Recap
• 15.1. JSON About
• 15.2. JSON Dump
• 15.3. JSON Load
• 15.4. JSON Encoder
• 15.5. JSON Decoder
• 15.6. JSON Object
• 15.7. JSON Recap
• 16.1. Pathlib About
• 16.2. Pathlib Current
• 16.3. Pathlib Path
• 16.4. Pathlib Check
• 16.5. Pathlib Name
• 16.6. Pathlib Dirs
• 16.7. Pathlib Files
• 16.8. Pathlib Content
• 17.1. Logging About
• 17.2. Logging Levels
• 17.3. Logging Config
• 17.4. Logging Formatters
• 17.5. Logging Handlers
• 17.6. Logging Rotation
• 17.7. Logging Optimization
• 17.8. Logging Use Cases
• 18.1. Module Layout
• 18.2. Module Import
• 18.3. Module pyproject.toml
• 18.4. Module venv
• 18.5. Module pip
• 19.1. Typing About
• 19.2. Typing Basic
• 19.3. Typing Advanced
• 19.4. Typing Iterable
• 19.5. Typing Mapping
• 19.6. Typing Nested
• 19.7. Typing TypedDict
• 19.8. Typing NamedTuple
• 19.9. Typing Callable
• 19.10. Typing Type
• 19.11. Typing Alias
• 19.12. Typing TypeVar
• 19.13. Typing Variance
• 19.14. Typing Annotated
• 19.15. Typing Check
• 19.16. Typing Annotate
• 20.1. Dataclass About
• 20.2. Dataclass Definition
• 20.3. Dataclass Relations
• 20.4. Dataclass KWonly
• 20.5. Dataclass Postinit
• 20.6. Dataclass Mutability
• 20.7. Dataclass Field
• 20.8. Dataclass Parameters
• 20.9. Dataclass Helpers
• 20.10. Dataclass Inheritance
• 20.11. Dataclass Metadata
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 1.4. About Entry Test
• 2.1. Syntax Exceptions
• 2.2. Syntax Assignment Expression
• 2.3. Syntax T-String
• 3.1. OOP Modifiers
• 3.2. OOP Format
• 3.3. OOP Mutability
• 3.4. OOP Property
• 3.5. OOP Recap
• 3.6. OOP Slots
• 3.7. OOP Equality
• 3.8. OOP Identity
• 3.9. OOP Methods
• 3.10. OOP Self
• 3.11. OOP Staticmethod
• 3.12. OOP Classmethod
• 3.13. OOP S.O.L.I.D.
• 4.1. Inheritance About
• 4.2. Inheritance Mixins
• 4.3. Inheritance Composition
• 4.4. Inheritance Aggregation
• 4.5. Inheritance Override
• 4.6. Inheritance Super
• 4.7. Inheritance MRO
• 4.8. Inheritance Recap
• 5.1. Polymorphism Abstract Class
• 5.2. Polymorphism Protocol
• 5.3. Polymorphism Collections
• 5.4. Polymorphism Recap
• 6.1. Encapsulation Accessors
• 6.2. Encapsulation Property
• 6.3. Encapsulation Reflection
• 6.4. Encapsulation Descriptor
• 7.1. Metaprogramming Init Subclass
• 7.2. Metaprogramming New
• 7.3. Metaprogramming Namespace
• 7.4. Metaprogramming Type
• 7.5. Metaprogramming Class Factory
• 7.6. Metaprogramming Metaclass
• 8.1. Operator About
• 8.2. Operator Left
• 8.3. Operator Increment
• 8.4. Operator Right
• 8.5. Operator Equality
• 8.6. Operator Comparison
• 8.7. Operator Contains
• 8.8. Operator Bitwise
• 8.9. Operator Builtin
• 8.10. Operator Accessors
• 8.11. Operator Numerical
• 8.12. Operator Stdlib
• 9.1. Functional About
• 9.2. Functional Lambda
• 9.3. Functional Purity
• 9.4. Functional Recurrence
• 9.5. Functional Memoization
• 9.6. Functional Immutable
• 9.7. Functional Referential Transparency
• 9.8. Functional Currying
• 9.9. Functional First-Class
• 9.10. Functional Order
• 9.11. Functional Function Object
• 9.12. Functional Callable
• 9.13. Functional Scope
• 9.14. Functional Namespace
• 9.15. Functional Pattern Closure
• 10.1. FP Apply Map
• 10.2. FP Apply Filter
• 10.3. FP Apply Reduce
• 10.4. FP Apply Composition
• 10.5. FP Apply Recap
• 11.1. Decorator About
• 11.2. Decorator Mechanics
• 11.3. Decorator Types
• 11.4. Decorator Wrapper
• 11.5. Decorator About Decoree
• 11.6. Decorator About Arguments
• 11.7. Decorator Function
• 11.8. Decorator Method
• 11.9. Decorator Class
• 11.10. Decorator Arguments
• 11.11. Decorate Function
• 11.12. Decorate Stacked
• 11.13. Decorate Method
• 11.14. Decorate Class
• 11.15. Decorator Wraps
• 11.16. Decorator Recap
• 12.1. Async About
• 12.2. Async Introduction
• 12.3. Async Awaitable
• 12.4. Async Coroutine
• 12.5. Async Event Loop
• 12.6. Async Iterator
• 12.7. Async Generator
• 12.8. Async Comprehension
• 12.9. Async Context Manager
• 12.10. Async Except Star
• 13.1. AsyncIO Run
• 13.2. AsyncIO Sleep
• 13.3. AsyncIO Wait
• 13.4. AsyncIO Wait For
• 13.5. AsyncIO Future
• 13.6. AsyncIO Task
• 13.7. AsyncIO Task Group
• 13.8. AsyncIO Shield
• 13.9. AsyncIO Debug
• 13.10. AsyncIO Queue
• 13.11. AsyncIO Stream
• 13.12. AsyncIO Synchronization
• 13.13. AsyncIO Testing
• 13.14. AsyncIO 3rd Party
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 1.4. About Entry Test
• 2.1. Recap
• 2.2. Optimization Compilers and Interpreters
• 2.3. Optimization Interpreter
• 3.1. Transpilation Cython
• 3.2. Transpilation Mypyc
• 4.1. Optimization Complexity
• 4.2. Optimization Tools
• 4.3. Optimization Micro-benchmarking
• 4.4. Optimization Comparison
• 4.5. Optimization Membership
• 4.6. Optimization Iteration
• 4.7. Optimization Comparison
• 5.1. Profiling CPU
• 5.2. Profiling Mem
• 6.1. Case Study: Memoize
• 6.2. Case Study: Str Concat
• 6.3. Case Study: Unique Keys
• 6.4. Case Study: Getitem
• 6.5. Case Study: Hosts
• 6.6. Case Study: Comprehensions
• 7.1. Threading About
• 7.2. Threading Timer
• 7.3. Threading Queues
• 7.4. Threading Create
• 7.5. Threading Synchronization
• 7.6. Threading Join
• 7.7. Threading Worker
• 8.1. Multiprocessing About
• 8.2. Multiprocessing Server
• 8.3. Multiprocessing Client
• 8.4. Multiprocessing 3rd Party
• 9.1. Performance Collections
• 9.2. Performance CTypes
• 9.3. Performance CModules
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 1.4. About Entry Test
• 2.1. About Test About
• 3.1. Random About
• 3.2. Random Generate
• 3.3. Random About
• 3.4. Random Seed
• 4.1. Syntax IEEE-754
• 4.2. Syntax Assert
• 4.3. Syntax Exit Code
• 4.4. Syntax Signature
• 5.1. Doctest About
• 6.1. Unittest Stub
• 6.2. Unittest Patch
• 6.3. Unittest Mock
• 6.4. Unittest TestCase
• 6.5. Unittest Async
• 7.1. Testing Doctest vs Unittest
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. CI/CD Python
• 2.2. CI/CD Ecosystem
• 2.3. CI/CD Pipelines
• 2.4. CI/CD Test Automation
• 2.5. CI/CD DB Schema Migration
• 3.1. CI/CD Distributing
• 3.2. CI/CD Wheel
• 3.3. CI/CD I18n
• 3.4. Module Zipapp
• 4.1. CI/CD Code Style
• 4.2. CI/CD Lint
• 5.1. CI/CD Behavioral Testing
• 5.2. CI/CD Code Coverage
• 5.3. CI/CD Mutation Testing
• 5.4. CI/CD Smoke Tests
• 5.5. CI/CD Static Analysis
• 5.6. CI/CD Tests
• 5.7. CI/CD Tools
• 5.8. CI/CD Type Checking
• 5.9. CI/CD UI
• 6.1. CI/CD Security
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. Quality PEP-8
• 2.2. Quality PEP-20
• 2.3. Quality Code Smells
• 2.4. Quality Documentation
• 3.1. Test Pytest
• 4.1. Debugging About
• 4.2. Debugging WAT?!
• 4.3. Debugging Logging
• 4.4. Debugging Warnings
• 4.5. Debugging Introspection
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. Theory About
• 2.2. Theory UML ERD
• 3.1. ORM About
• 3.2. ORM Use Cases
• 4.1. Normalization About
• 4.2. Normalization 1st Normal Form
• 4.3. Normalization 2nd Normal Form
• 4.4. Normalization 3rd Normal Form
• 4.5. Normalization 4th Normal Form
• 4.6. Normalization 5th Normal Form
• 4.7. Normalization 6th Normal Form
• 4.8. Normalization Theory
• 5.1. NoSQL About
• 5.2. NoSQL Key-Value
• 5.3. NoSQL Document
• 5.4. NoSQL MongoDB
• 5.5. NoSQL Time Series
• 5.6. NoSQL Column-Oriented
• 5.7. NoSQL Graph
• 5.8. NoSQL Other
• 6.1. SQL About
• 6.2. SQL Data Types
• 6.3. SQL Constraints
• 6.4. SQL CREATE
• 6.5. SQL Alter
• 6.6. SQL Index
• 6.7. SQL Insert
• 6.8. SQL Update
• 6.9. SQL Delete
• 6.10. SQL Drop
• 6.11. SQL Transaction
• 6.12. SQL Select From
• 6.13. SQL Select Limit
• 6.14. SQL Select Order By
• 6.15. SQL Select Where
• 6.16. SQL Select And Or
• 6.17. SQL Select Where
• 6.18. SQL Select Where
• 6.19. SQL Select Where
• 6.20. SQL Select Group By
• 6.21. SQL Select Subquery
• 6.22. SQL Select Distinct
• 6.23. SQL Select Functions
• 6.24. SQL Join
• 6.25. SQL Injection
• 6.26. SQL Views
• 6.27. SQL Explain
• 6.28. SQL Use Cases
• 7.1. SQLite3 About
• 7.2. SQLite3 Connect
• 7.3. SQLite3 Adapter/Converter
• 7.4. SQLite3 Execute
• 7.5. SQLite3 Insert Sequence
• 7.6. SQLite3 Insert Mapping
• 7.7. SQLite3 Insert Constraints
• 7.8. SQLite3 Fetch
• 7.9. SQLite3 Cursor
• 7.10. SQLite3 Join
• 7.11. SQLite3 Use Cases
• 8.1. SQLAlchemy About
• 8.2. SQLAlchemy Connection DSN
• 8.3. SQLAlchemy Connection Engine
• 8.4. SQLAlchemy Connection Pool
• 8.5. SQLAlchemy Core Model
• 8.6. SQLAlchemy Core Operators
• 8.7. SQLAlchemy Core Insert
• 8.8. SQLAlchemy Core Select
• 8.9. SQLAlchemy Core Result
• 8.10. SQLAlchemy Core Update
• 8.11. SQLAlchemy Core Delete
• 8.12. SQLAlchemy Core Join
• 8.13. SQLAlchemy Core Text
• 8.14. SQLAlchemy Core Introspect
• 8.15. SQLAlchemy ORM About
• 8.16. SQLAlchemy Connection Session
• 8.17. SQLAlchemy Model Base
• 8.18. SQLAlchemy Model Define
• 8.19. SQLAlchemy Model Column
• 8.20. SQLAlchemy Model Types
• 8.21. SQLAlchemy Model Indexes
• 8.22. SQLAlchemy Model Relations
• 8.23. SQLAlchemy Model Dataclass
• 8.24. SQLAlchemy Schema Metadata
• 8.25. SQLAlchemy Schema Reflection
• 8.26. SQLAlchemy Migration About
• 8.27. SQLAlchemy Migration Create
• 8.28. SQLAlchemy Migration Apply
• 8.29. SQLAlchemy Migration Rollback
• 8.30. SQLAlchemy Query About
• 8.31. SQLAlchemy Query Fetch
• 8.32. SQLAlchemy Query Filter
• 8.33. SQLAlchemy Query Limit
• 8.34. SQLAlchemy Query Order By
• 8.35. SQLAlchemy Query Group By
• 8.36. SQLAlchemy Query Subquery
• 8.37. SQLAlchemy Query Union
• 8.38. SQLAlchemy Query Join
• 8.39. SQLAlchemy Query Count
• 8.40. SQLAlchemy Query Distinct
• 8.41. SQLAlchemy Query Exists
• 8.42. SQLAlchemy Query Update
• 8.43. SQLAlchemy Query Delete
• 8.44. SQLAlchemy Query Execute
• 8.45. SQLAlchemy Query Debug
• 8.46. SQLAlchemy Query Profile
• 8.47. SQLAlchemy Func About
• 8.48. SQLAlchemy Func Date
• 8.49. SQLAlchemy Func Group
• 8.50. SQLAlchemy Func Numeric
• 8.51. SQLAlchemy Func Count
• 8.52. SQLAlchemy Func Count
• 8.53. SQLAlchemy Extensions
• 8.54. SQLAlchemy Case Study
• 8.55. SQLAlchemy Use Cases
• 9.1. Case Study ORM
• 9.2. Case Study Relationship
• 9.3. Case Study Auth
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. About Introduction
• 3.1. UML About
• 3.2. UML PlantUML
• 3.3. UML Mermaid
• 3.4. UML Attributes
• 3.5. UML Methods
• 3.6. UML Access Modifiers
• 3.7. UML Relationship
• 3.8. UML Notes
• 3.9. UML Class Diagram
• 3.10. UML Sequence Diagram
• 4.1. Singleton
• 4.2. Borg
• 4.3. Factory Method
• 4.4. Abstract Factory
• 4.5. Builder
• 4.6. Prototype
• 5.1. Iterator
• 5.2. Context Manager
• 5.3. Memento
• 5.4. State
• 5.5. Strategy
• 5.6. Observer
• 5.7. Command
• 5.8. Gateway
• 5.9. Template Method
• 5.10. Mediator
• 5.11. Chain of Responsibility
• 5.12. Visitor
• 5.13. Interpreter
• 5.14. State Machine
• 6.1. Decorator
• 6.2. Façade
• 6.3. Adapter
• 6.4. Proxy
• 6.5. Composite
• 6.6. Flyweight
• 6.7. Bridge
• 7.1. FP Pattern Callback
• 7.2. FP Pattern Pipe
• 7.3. FP Pattern MapReduce
• 7.4. FP Pattern Monad
• 7.5. FP Pattern Maybe
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. About Numpy
• 2.2. About Configuration
• 2.3. About Precision
• 2.4. About Constants
• 2.5. About Structures
• 3.1. Array Create
• 3.2. Array Range
• 3.3. Array Generate
• 3.4. Array Create Recap
• 3.5. Array Serialize
• 3.6. Array Import
• 3.7. Array Export
• 4.1. Attributes DType
• 4.2. Attributes Shape
• 4.3. Attributes Values
• 4.4. Attributes Data
• 5.1. Random Generator
• 5.2. Random Values
• 5.3. Random Distributions
• 5.4. Random Draw
• 6.1. Indexing Getitem
• 6.2. Indexing Slice
• 6.3. Indexing Axis
• 6.4. Indexing New Axis
• 6.5. Indexing Logic
• 6.6. Indexing Select
• 6.7. Indexing Advanced
• 7.1. Operations Iteration
• 7.2. Operations Arithmetic
• 7.3. Operations Broadcasting
• 8.1. Methods Round
• 8.2. Methods Sort
• 8.3. Methods Methods
• 8.4. Methods Concatenation
• 9.1. Statistics Reduction
• 9.2. Statistics Descriptive
• 10.1. Math Trigonometry
• 10.2. Math Linear Algebra
• 11.1. Polynomial About
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. About Pandas
• 2.2. About Options
• 2.3. About Types
• 2.4. About Workflow
• 2.5. About Chaining
• 3.1. Read About
• 3.2. Read CSV
• 3.3. Read Excel
• 3.4. Read JSON
• 3.5. Read Clipboard
• 3.6. Read String
• 3.7. Read HTML
• 3.8. Read Python
• 3.9. Read SQL
• 3.10. Read Word
• 3.11. Read PDF
• 3.12. Read XML
• 4.1. To About
• 4.2. To CSV
• 4.3. To JSON
• 4.4. To Pickle
• 4.5. To SQL
• 5.1. Series About
• 5.2. Series Create
• 5.3. Series Dtypes
• 5.4. Series Attributes
• 5.5. Series Index
• 5.6. Series Select
• 5.7. Series Getitem
• 5.8. Series Slice
• 5.9. Series NA
• 5.10. Series Alter
• 5.11. Series Sort
• 5.12. Series Arithmetic
• 5.13. Series Arithmetic
• 5.14. Series Statistics
• 5.15. Series Normalization
• 5.16. Series Mapping
• 6.1. DataFrame Create
• 6.2. DataFrame Attributes
• 6.3. DataFrame Index
• 6.4. DataFrame Sample
• 6.5. DataFrame Getitem
• 6.6. DataFrame Slice
• 6.7. DataFrame At
• 6.8. DataFrame Loc
• 6.9. DataFrame Select
• 6.10. DataFrame Query
• 6.11. DataFrame Update
• 6.12. DataFrame Alter
• 6.13. DataFrame NA
• 6.14. DataFrame Sort
• 6.15. DataFrame Statistics
• 6.16. DataFrame Rolling
• 6.17. DataFrame Mapping
• 6.18. DataFrame Pivot
• 6.19. DataFrame GroupBy
• 6.20. DataFrame Aggregations
• 6.21. DataFrame MultiIndex
• 6.22. DataFrame Join
• 6.23. DataFrame Plotting
• 7.1. Date Types
• 7.2. Date Timezone
• 7.3. Date Shifts
• 7.4. Date Frequency
• 7.5. Date Calendar
• 8.1. Case Study API Gmail
• 8.2. Case Study CSV COVID19
• 8.3. Case Study CSV Martian
• 8.4. Case Study CSV Phones
• 8.5. Case Study CSV Pizzeria
• 8.6. Case Study Excel Aquarius
• 8.7. Case Study Excel Sensors
• 8.8. Case Study HTML Apollo11
• 8.9. Case Study HTML Astronauts
• 8.10. Case Study HTML Dahab
• 8.11. Case Study HTML ESPN
• 8.12. Case Study HTML GDP
• 8.13. Case Study HTML NBA
• 8.14. Case Study HTML Power Plant
• 8.15. Case Study HTML Schedule
• 8.16. Case Study HTML Kangur
• 8.17. Case Study HTML Tablice
• 8.18. Case Study HTML Talary
• 8.19. Case Study JSON Airly
• 8.20. Case Study JSON Coinbase
• 8.21. Case Study PDF EToll
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. About Matplotlib
• 3.1. Figure Plots
• 3.2. Figure Subplots
• 3.3. Figure Style
• 3.4. Figure Scales
• 3.5. Figure Config
• 3.6. Figure Interactive
• 3.7. Figure Import/Export
• 3.8. Figure Multiple Figures and Plots
• 4.1. Style About
• 4.2. Style Basic
• 4.3. Style Advanced
• 4.4. Style Customization
• 4.5. Style Animation
• 5.1. Chart Line
• 5.2. Chart Scatter
• 5.3. Chart Bar
• 5.4. Chart Histogram
• 5.5. Chart Box
• 5.6. Chart Stacked
• 5.7. Chart Pie
• 5.8. Chart 3D
• 6.1. Case Study About
• 6.2. Case Study Examples
• 6.3. Case Study Lifecycle
• 6.4. Case Study ISS
• 
• 1.1. Module Tools
• 1.2. Module Distributing
• 2.1. Collections Defaultdict
• 3.1. Math Base
• 3.2. Math Precision
• 3.3. Math Stdlib
• 3.4. Math Statistics
• 3.5. Math Fractions
• 3.6. Math Complex Numbers
• 4.1. Locale About
• 4.2. Locale i18n
• 4.3. Locale l10n
• 4.4. Locale Encoding
• 4.5. Locale Enums
• 5.1. XML Parsing HTML
• 5.2. XML Module lxml
• 5.3. XML Stdlib
• 5.4. XML Namespace
• 5.5. XML XPATH
• 5.6. XML XSLT
• 6.1. OS Tempfile
• 6.2. OS Interpreter
• 6.3. OS Commandline Arguments
• 6.4. OS Operating System
• 6.5. OS Pathlib
• 7.1. Unicode
• 7.2. String Template
• 7.3. String Print
• 8.1. Builtin Functions
• 8.2. Builtin Keywords
• 8.3. Builtin Library
• 8.4. Builtin Frozenset
• 8.5. Builtin Iter
• 8.6. Builtin Next
• 8.7. Builtin Abs
• 8.8. Builtin Ascii
• 8.9. Builtin Breakpoint
• 8.10. Builtin Chr
• 8.11. Builtin Divmod
• 8.12. Builtin Id
• 8.13. Builtin Isinstance
• 8.14. Builtin Len
• 8.15. Builtin Locals
• 8.16. Builtin Ord
• 8.17. Builtin Reduce
• 8.18. Builtin Type
• 9.1. Type Frozenset
• 9.2. Type Bytearray
• 9.3. Type Bytes
• 9.4. Type Array
• 10.1. Loop Else For
• 10.2. Loop Else While
• 11.1. TkInter About
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 1.4. About Entry Test
• 2.1. Protocol FTP
• 2.2. Protocol IMAP
• 2.3. Protocol SMTP
• 2.4. Protocol POP3
• 2.5. Protocol LDAP
• 2.6. Protocol SSH
• 2.7. Protocol DNS
• 3.1. Web Stdlib
• 3.2. Web Requests
• 3.3. Web Scrapping
• 3.4. Web Frameworks
• 3.5. Web FastAPI
• 3.6. Web Jinja
• 3.7. Web PaaS
• 3.8. Web Async
• 3.9. Web SOAP and WSDL
• 4.1. Transport OSI Model
• 4.2. Transport Interfaces
• 4.3. Transport Routing
• 4.4. Transport Socket
• 4.5. Transport SSL
• 4.6. Transport IPv4/IPv6
• 4.7. Transport TCP/UDP
• 4.8. Transport
• 4.9. Transport 3rd Party Libraries
• 5.1. Case Study Mini Botnet
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 1.4. About Entry Test
• 2.1. HTTP About
• 2.2. HTTP Method
• 2.3. HTTP Header
• 2.4. HTTP MIME Types
• 2.5. HTTP Status
• 2.6. HTTP 2.0
• 2.7. HTTP Certificate
• 2.8. HTTP Gateway Interface
• 3.1. REST Versioning
• 3.2. REST Identifier
• 4.1. Microservices About
• 4.2. Microservices Architecture
• 4.3. Microservices Distributed Systems
• 4.4. Microservices Reactive
• 4.5. Microservices Cloud
• 4.6. Microservices API
• 4.7. Microservices Problems
• 4.8. Microservices Event
• 4.9. WebApp Lifecycle
• 4.10. Microservices Choreography
• 4.11. Microservices Discovery
• 4.12. WebApp Runtime
• 4.13. Microservices Database
• 4.14. Microservices Good Practices
• 5.1. Auth Basic
• 5.2. Auth JWT
• 5.3. Auth Passkey
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. About Introduction
• 2.2. About Architecture
• 2.3. About Versions
• 3.1. Setup Install Django
• 3.2. Setup Start Project
• 3.3. Setup Start App
• 3.4. Setup Run Server
• 3.5. Setup Run Configuration
• 4.1. Settings About
• 4.2. Settings Databases
• 4.3. Settings Logging
• 4.4. Settings Caches
• 4.5. Settings Security
• 5.1. Models About
• 5.2. Models Field String
• 5.3. Models Field Numeric
• 5.4. Models Field Logic
• 5.5. Models Field Date
• 5.6. Models Field Choices
• 5.7. Models Field Storage
• 5.8. Models Field Special
• 5.9. Models Field Relation
• 5.10. Models Field Custom
• 5.11. Models Method Property
• 5.12. Models Method Staticmethod
• 5.13. Models Method Classmethod
• 5.14. Models Method Clean
• 5.15. Models Method Save
• 5.16. Models Migration
• 5.17. Models Manager
• 5.18. Models Abstract
• 5.19. Models Directory
• 5.20. Models Use Case
• 6.1. Data App
• 6.2. Data Model
• 6.3. Data Import
• 6.4. Data Backup
• 7.1. Admin About
• 7.2. Admin List
• 7.3. Admin Edit
• 7.4. Admin Inlines
• 7.5. Admin Filters
• 7.6. Admin Actions
• 7.7. Admin Media
• 7.8. Admin Abstract
• 7.9. Admin Widget
• 7.10. Admin Form
• 7.11. Admin Templates
• 8.1. ORM About
• 8.2. ORM QuerySet
• 8.3. ORM Create
• 8.4. ORM Update
• 8.5. ORM Delete
• 8.6. ORM All
• 8.7. ORM Get
• 8.8. ORM Filter
• 8.9. ORM Lookup
• 8.10. ORM Q
• 8.11. ORM F
• 8.12. ORM Annotate
• 8.13. ORM Functions
• 8.14. ORM Aggregate
• 8.15. ORM Complex
• 9.1. Views About
• 9.2. Views URLs
• 9.3. Views Template
• 9.4. Views List
• 9.5. Views Detail
• 9.6. Views Redirect
• 9.7. Views Edit
• 9.8. Views Edit
• 9.9. Views View
• 9.10. Views Decorators
• 9.11. Views Permissions
• 9.12. Views Async
• 10.1. Templates About
• 10.2. Templates Reverse URL
• 10.3. Templates Static Files
• 11.1. Templatetags Filter
• 11.2. Templatetags SimpleTag
• 11.3. Templatetags InclusionTag
• 12.1. Forms About
• 12.2. Forms Form
• 12.3. Forms Clean
• 12.4. Forms Model
• 12.5. Forms Widgets
• 13.1. Manage About
• 13.2. Manage Database
• 13.3. Manage Data
• 13.4. Manage Translation
• 13.5. Manage Custom
• 14.1. Middleware About
• 14.2. Middleware Custom
• 15.1. Locale Formats
• 15.2. Locale Timezone
• 15.3. Locale Translation
• 15.4. Locale JavaScript
• 16.1. Utils Scripts
• 16.2. Utils Signals
• 17.1. Auth User
• 18.1. API About
• 18.2. HTTP Identifiers
• 18.3. HTTP Header
• 18.4. HTTP Statuses
• 18.5. API REST
• 18.6. HTTP Methods
• 18.7. API Auth
• 18.8. API Permissions
• 18.9. HTTP CORS
• 19.1. Ninja About
• 19.2. Ninja GET
• 19.3. Ninja POST
• 19.4. Ninja PUT
• 19.5. Ninja DELETE
• 19.6. Ninja Pagination
• 19.7. Ninja Auth
• 19.8. Ninja Tests
• 20.1. Tests About
• 20.2. Tests Run
• 20.3. Tests Forms
• 20.4. Tests Models
• 20.5. Tests Templates
• 20.6. Tests Urls
• 20.7. Tests Views
• 20.8. Tests Fixtures
• 20.9. Tests Jetbrains HTTPClient
• 20.10. Test Smoke Testing
• 20.11. Tests Use Case
• 20.12. Tests CI/CD
• 21.1. Django Debug Toolbar
• 21.2. Django Extensions
• 21.3. Django Emoji Picker
• 21.4. Django Import/Export
• 21.5. Django Grappelli
• 21.6. Django Channels
• 21.7. Django Celery
• 21.8. Django LDAP
• 22.1. Deploy Heroku
• 22.2. Deploy Gunicorn and Docker
• 22.3. Deploy Nginx and uWSGI
• 22.4. Deploy Progressive Web Apps
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. About FastAPI
• 2.2. About Further Reading
• 3.1. FastAPI About
• 3.2. FastAPI Install
• 3.3. FastAPI Architecture
• 3.4. FastAPI Schema
• 3.5. FastAPI Documentation
• 3.6. FastAPI GET
• 3.7. FastAPI POST
• 3.8. FastAPI Status
• 3.9. FastAPI Cookies
• 3.10. FastAPI Headers
• 3.11. FastAPI Files
• 3.12. FastAPI WebSockets
• 3.13. FastAPI Config
• 3.14. FastAPI Dependencies
• 3.15. FastAPI Routers
• 3.16. FastAPI Middleware
• 3.17. FastAPI Background Tasks
• 4.1. Pydantic Models
• 4.2. Pydantic Schema
• 4.3. Pydantic Types Stdlib
• 4.4. Pydantic Types Custom
• 4.5. Pydantic Types Constrained
• 4.6. Pydantic Validator
• 4.7. Pydantic Settings
• 5.1. Database ORM
• 5.2. Database Auth
• 5.3. Database User Create
• 5.4. Database Relationship
• 5.5. Database NoSQL
• 6.1. Auth Basic
• 6.2. Auth JSON Web Token
• 7.1. DevOps Test Sync
• 7.2. DevOps Test Async
• 7.3. DevOps Docker
• 8.1. Case Study Example
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. Jupyter About
• 3.1. Python Syntax
• 3.2. Python Types
• 3.3. Python Sequences
• 3.4. Python Mappings
• 3.5. Python Conditionals
• 3.6. Python Loops
• 3.7. Python Control Flow
• 3.8. Python Functions
• 3.9. Python OOP
• 3.10. Python Modules
• 3.11. Python Math
• 3.12. Python Serialization
• 3.13. Python Performance
• 4.1. Visualization Matplotlib
• 4.2. Visualization Bokeh
• 4.3. Visualization Seaborn
• 4.4. Visualization Plotly
• 4.5. Visualization Graphs
• 5.1. SciPy About
• 6.1. About Geopandas
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. What is Data?
• 2.2. Basic Statistics
• 2.3. Machine Learning Introduction
• 2.4. Glossary
• 2.5. Datasets
• 2.6. Machine Learning Algorithms
• 2.7. Features
• 2.8. Classifiers
• 3.1. scikit-learn
• 4.1. Model Quality
• 4.2. Principal Component Analysis
• 5.1. Decision Tree
• 6.1. Linear Regression
• 6.2. Logistic Regression
• 7.1. K Nearest Neighbors
• 8.1. Naive Bayes
• 9.1. Support Vector Machines
• 10.1. K-Means Clustering
• 11.1. Deep Neural Network
• 11.2. Convolutional Neural Network
• 12.1. References
• 13.1. Machine Learning Introduction
• 13.2. Notes
• 
• 1.1. About Install
• 1.2. About Agenda
• 1.3. About Tutorial
• 2.1. AI About
• 
• 1.1. Abstract Interface
• 1.2. String Interning
• 1.3. Dependency Injection
• 1.4. Good Engineering Practises
• 1.5. OOP S.O.L.I.D.
• 2.1. Weakref
• 2.2. OOP Hash
• 2.3. OOP Comparison
• 2.4. OOP Name Mangling
• 2.5. OOP Interning
• 2.6. Namespace
• 2.7. New and Old Style Class
• 2.8. Dynamic Typing
• 2.9. Monkey Patching
• 
• 1.1. Dragon Agenda
• 1.2. Dragon About
• 1.3. Dragon Sprint 1
• 1.4. Dragon Sprint 3
• 1.5. Dragon Sprint 3
• 1.6. Dragon Sprint 4
• 1.7. Dragon Sprint 5
• 1.8. Dragon Sprint 6
• 1.9. Dragon Sprint 7
• 1.10. Dragon Sprint 8
• 1.11. Dragon Sprint 9
• 1.12. Dragon Sprint 10
• 2.1. Dragon About
• 2.2. Dragon Sprint 01
• 2.3. Dragon Sprint 02
• 2.4. Dragon Sprint 03
• 2.5. Dragon Sprint 04
• 2.6. Dragon Sprint 05
• 2.7. Dragon Sprint 06
• 2.8. Dragon Sprint 07
• 2.9. Dragon Sprint 08
• 2.10. Dragon Sprint 09
• 2.11. Dragon Sprint 10
• 2.12. Dragon Sprint 11
• 2.13. Dragon Sprint 12
• 2.14. Dragon Sprint 13
• 2.15. Dragon Sprint 14
• 2.16. Dragon Sprint 15
• 2.17. Dragon Sprint 16
• 2.18. Dragon Sprint 17
• 2.19. Dragon Sprint 18
• 2.20. Dragon Sprint 19
• 2.21. Dragon Sprint 20
• 2.22. Dragon Sprint 21
• 2.23. Dragon Sprint 22
• 2.24. Dragon Sprint 23
• 2.25. Dragon Sprint 24
• 3.1. ADR About
• 3.2. ADR Example
• 3.3. ADR Dragon Create
• 3.4. ADR Dragon Create Name
• 3.5. ADR Dragon Create Noname
• 3.6. ADR Dragon Health Init
• 3.7. ADR Dragon Position Init
• 3.8. ADR Dragon Position Get
• 3.9. ADR Dragon Position Set
• 3.10. ADR Dragon Position Change
• 3.11. ADR Dragon Damage Make
• 3.12. ADR Dragon Damage Take

• List of training courses
• Learn more about Matt
• Linkedin
• Facebook
• Github
• Other books from the author

            Domain Name: PYTHON3.INFO
Registrar: Key-Systems GmbH
Domain Status: active
Registry Expiry Date: 2027-04-01T13:13:45.965Z
Creation Date: 2023-04-01T13:13:45.965Z
Updated Date: 2026-02-09T21:32:55.836Z
Name Server: NS1.AFTERMARKET.PL
Name Server: NS2.AFTERMARKET.PL
REGISTRAR Contact: Key-Systems GmbH
>>> Last update of RDAP database: 2026-03-22T09:18:01Z         

			Sitemap: https://python3.info/sitemap1.xml

User-agent: Baiduspider
User-agent: Bingbot
User-agent: DuckDuckBot
User-agent: Googlebot
User-agent: Googlebot-Image
User-agent: Googlebot-News
User-agent: Slurp
Allow: /

User-agent: AdsBot-Google
User-agent: Amazonbot
User-agent: Anthropic-AI
User-agent: Applebot
User-agent: Bytespider
User-agent: CCBot
User-agent: ChatGPT-User
User-agent: Claude-Web
User-agent: ClaudeBot
User-agent: Diffbot
User-agent: FacebookBot
User-agent: GPTBot
User-agent: Google-Extended
User-agent: ImagesiftBot
User-agent: Omgili
User-agent: Omgilibot
User-agent: Omgilibot
User-agent: PerplexityBot
User-agent: YouBot
User-agent: *
Allow: /
        

Tehniline SEO

On-Page SEO

Sisu ja UX