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Globaalne vulkanoloogiaprogramm: aken Maa tulisesse ajalukku

Kujutage ette maailma, kus mäed hingavad tuld ja tuhka. Vulkaani veebisait. si. edu on just see koht, kuhu kogutakse kõik andmed selliste sündmuste kohta. See on Smithsoniani projekt nimega Global Volcanology Program ehk GVP. See, mida nad teevad, on viimase kaheteistkümne tuhande aasta pursete dokumenteerimine. Mitte ainult suured katastroofid, vaid ka väikesed. Miks see oluline on? Sest tuleviku mõistmiseks peate teadma minevikku.

Programmi fookuses on kiire teabeedastus. Kui kuskil toimub purse, annavad kohalikud vaatlejad sellest teada ja kuu aega hiljem avaldatakse bülletään. Kuid on ka tagasivaade. Nad koguvad ajaloolisi andmeid ja geoloogilisi andmeid. Kõik see koos aitab meil valmistuda selleks, mis võib homme juhtuda. Maailma vulkaanide andmebaas sisaldab kataloogi kõigist aktiivsetest mägedest 12 000 aasta jooksul.

Mis on andmebaasis?

Seal on loendid 2025. aastal pursanud vulkaanidest. Siit leiate aruandeid praeguse tegevuse kohta. Seal on päeva- ja nädalakokkuvõtted. Näiteks hiljuti teatati uuest lõhest edelas koos laavaga juunis 2024. Või siis laavajärve tugevast aktiivsusest oktoobrist 2023 kuni maini 2024. Tuhasambad, termilised anomaaliad, see kõik on kirjas. Isegi väikesed plahvatused nagu 18. detsembril 2023 ei jää märkamata.

Huvitaval kombel on praegu käimas umbes 40–50 purset. Kokku on viimase 12 tuhande aasta jooksul olnud umbes 1222 aktiivset vulkaani. Maailmas on neid holotseeni 693, mis moodustab 57 protsenti koguarvust. Need on hajutatud 41 erinevas piirkonnas. Kõige aktiivsemad riigid on USA Jaapan Indoneesia Venemaa Tšiili. Mõnikord küsitakse, kui palju inimesi elab ohtlike mägede läheduses? Kümnes vulkaanis elab viie kilomeetri raadiuses üle miljoni inimese.

Mõned mäed põlevad väga kaua. Seal on 106 purset, mis kestsid viis aastat või kauem. Ja Yasuri vulkaan Vanuatus võis pursata juba üle 750 aasta! See on lihtsalt uskumatu. Andmebaasi uuendatakse regulaarselt. 2025. aasta detsembris anti välja versioon 5. 3. 4. Samuti käivitasid nad augustis koos USGS-iga uue projekti, mis annab esmaspäevast reedeni lühiaruandeid.

• name: Description content: The Global Volcanism Program (GVP) seeks better understanding of all volcanoes through documenting their eruptions--small as well as large--during the past 12,000 years. The range of volcanic behavior is great enough, and volcano lifetimes are long enough, that we must integrate observations of contemporary activity with historical and geological records of the recent past in order to prepare wisely for the future. The contemporary focus of the GVP is evident in the central role we play in the rapid dissemination of on-going eruption reports from local observers through our monthly Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Our retrospective effort to document Earth's volcanic eruptions of the last 12,000 years has led to development of comprehensive databases and an archive of relevant maps, photos, and documents. Through these two complementary approaches we attempt to provide a context in which any individual volcano's benefits and dangers can be usefully assessed.
• name: Author content: Smithsonian Institution
• name: Keywords content: gvp, volcano, volcanoes, volcanology, volcanism, eruption, eruptive, erupting, Holocene
• name: DC.Title content: Global Volcanism Program
• name: DC.Title.Alternative content: Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program
• name: DC.Format.MIME content: text/html
• name: DC.Contributor.CorporateName content: Smithsonian Institution. Global Volcanism Program.
• name: DC.Publisher content: Global Volcanism Program, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 119, Smithsonian Institution,
• name: DC.Publisher.Place content: Washington, DC:
• name: DC.Date.Issued content: 1996-
• name: DC.Description content: The Global Volcanism Program (GVP) seeks better understanding of all volcanoes through documenting their eruptions during the past 12,000 years.
• name: DC.Description.Summary content: This site is the homepage for the Global Volcanism Program at the Smithsonian Institution. It provides current volcanic activity notices, reports published by the Smithsonian since 1968, and basic data about over 1,200 Holocene volcanoes.
• name: DC.Description.Contents content: Volcanic Activity Reports -- Volcanoes of the World
• name: DC.Identifier.URL content: https://volcano.si.edu/
• name: DC.Language content: english
• name: DC.Subject scheme: LCC Local content: QE522
• name: DC.Subject scheme: CorporateName content: Smithsonian Institution. Global Volcanism Program.
• name: DC.Subject scheme: LCSH content: Volcanoes - Electronic information resources.
• name: DC.Subject scheme: LCSH content: Paleogeography - Holocene - Electronic information resources.
• name: DC.Subject scheme: Keyword content: volcano, volcanoes, volcanology, volcanism, eruption, eruptive, erupting, Holocene
• name: DC.Relation.Requires content: Mode of access: World Wide Web. Host: volcano.si.edu/
• property: og:site_name content: Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program
• property: og:title content: Global Volcanism Program
• property: og:url content: https://volcano.si.edu/
• property: og:description content: The Global Volcanism Program (GVP) seeks better understanding of all volcanoes through documenting their eruptions during the past 12,000 years.
• property: og:type content: website
• property: og:image content: https://volcano.si.edu/includes/images/GVP_LogoBanner.jpg
• property: og:image:secure_url content: https://volcano.si.edu/includes/images/GVP_LogoBanner.jpg
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• name: twitter:site content: @SmithsonianGVP
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